The introduction of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), particularly innovative non-water-cooled designs, marks a new paradigm in the global energy sector. Among these, Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) are increasingly recognized as a transformative technology within the nuclear power landscape, promising advancements in safety, flexibility, and efficiency for sustainable and clean energy deployment.

As part of the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) efforts to support the development and deployment of innovative reactor technologies, MSRs offer unique advantages, including low operating pressure, inherent safety characteristics, and fuel flexibility. These features make MSRs attractive options for future energy systems, including floating nuclear power plants, power supply for ports and remote regions, and maritime nuclear propulsion. With their ability to operate at high temperatures and accommodate a wide range of fuel cycles, MSRs are also particularly suited for hybrid energy applications, such as thermal energy storage, hydrogen production, industrial process heat, and closing the nuclear fuel cycle through the transmutation of transuranic elements from spent fuel of conventional water-cooled reactors.